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(continuous stretch of time)

  • 1 stretch

    [stretʃ]
    1. verb
    1) to make or become longer or wider especially by pulling or by being pulled:

    He stretched (his arm/hand) up as far as he could, but still could not reach the shelf

    Ask someone to pass you the jam instead of stretching across the table for it.

    يُطَوِّل، يَمُد
    2) (of land etc) to extend:

    The plain stretched ahead of them for miles.

    يَمْتَد
    2. noun
    1) an act of stretching or state of being stretched:

    He got out of bed and had a good stretch.

    مَد
    2) a continuous extent, of eg a type of country, or of time:

    a stretch of twenty years.

    إمْتِداد، مُدَّه

    Arabic-English dictionary > stretch

  • 2 endlos

    I Adj.
    1. (Ggs. kurz) endless, never-ending, unending; Rede etc.: interminable; (unaufhörlich) incessant
    2. fig. (grenzenlos) infinite, boundless
    3. (ohne Ende) infinite; TECH. continuous; bis ins Endlose ad infinitum
    II Adv. endlessly, interminably; es zog sich endlos hin it went on forever ( oder for ages); vor endlos langer Zeit fig. ages and ages ago, a long, long ( oder very long) time ago; (vor Äonen) back at the beginning of time, (a)eons ago
    * * *
    unending; interminable; dateless; endless; never-ending
    * * *
    ẹnd|los
    1. adj
    endless; (= langwierig auch) interminable

    (sich) bis ins Endlose (erstrecken) — (to stretch) to infinity

    2. adv
    forever

    ich musste endlos lange wartenI had to wait for an interminably long time, I had to wait for ages (inf)

    * * *
    1) (going on for ever or for a very long time: endless arguments.) endless
    2) (continuous, because of having the two ends joined: an endless chain.) endless
    3) (very much: I feel no end of a fool.) no end (of)
    * * *
    end·los
    I. adj
    1. (lange dauernd) endless, interminable
    2. (unbegrenzt) infinite, endless
    II. adv interminably
    \endlos lange interminably long
    ich musste \endlos lange warten I had to wait ages
    * * *
    1.
    1) (ohne Ende) infinite; (ringförmig) endless, continuous < belt, chain>
    2) (nicht enden wollend) endless <road, desert, expanse, etc.>; interminable < speech>
    2.

    endlos lange dauernbe interminably long

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. (Ggs kurz) endless, never-ending, unending; Rede etc: interminable; (unaufhörlich) incessant
    2. fig (grenzenlos) infinite, boundless
    3. (ohne Ende) infinite; TECH continuous;
    bis ins Endlose ad infinitum
    B. adv endlessly, interminably;
    es zog sich endlos hin it went on forever ( oder for ages);
    vor endlos langer Zeit fig ages and ages ago, a long, long ( oder very long) time ago; (vor Äonen) back at the beginning of time, (a)eons ago
    * * *
    1.
    1) (ohne Ende) infinite; (ringförmig) endless, continuous <belt, chain>
    2) (nicht enden wollend) endless <road, desert, expanse, etc.>; interminable < speech>
    2.
    * * *
    adj.
    dateless adj.
    endless adj.
    infinite adj.
    interminable adj.
    unending adj. adv.
    endlessly adv.
    interminably adv.
    unendingly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > endlos

  • 3 seguido

    adj.
    continuous, back-to-back, successive, consecutive.
    adv.
    frequently.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: seguir.
    * * *
    1 straight
    todo seguido straight on, straight ahead
    ————————
    1→ link=seguir seguir
    1 (continuo) continuous
    2 (consecutivo) consecutive, successive
    dos días seguidos two days running, two days in a row
    3 (en línea recta) straight, direct
    1 straight
    todo seguido straight on, straight ahead
    \
    de seguida (seguidamente) without a break 2 (enseguida) at once, immediately, right away
    en seguida at once, immediately, straight away
    * * *
    1. (f. - seguida)
    adj.
    2. adv.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [línea] continuous, unbroken
    2)

    seguidos: cinco días seguidos — (=ininterrumpidos) five days running, five days in a row

    tres blancos seguidos — three bull's-eyes in a row, three consecutive bull's-eyes

    3)

    seguido de algo/algn — followed by sth/sb

    llegó el ministro seguido de sus colaboradores — the minister arrived, followed by his staff

    2. ADV
    1) (=directo) straight on
    2) (=detrás)
    3) LAm (=a menudo) often
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo consecutive

    seguido DE algo/alguien — followed by something/somebody

    II
    1) (recto, sin desviarse) straight on

    vaya todo seguidogo straight on o straight ahead

    2) (AmL) ( a menudo) often
    * * *
    = in a row, back-to-back.
    Ex. The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.
    Ex. The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    ----
    * acto seguido = thereupon [thereon].
    * en seguida = forthwith, thereupon [thereon], promptly.
    * seguido de cerca = closely followed, closely monitored.
    * todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo consecutive

    seguido DE algo/alguien — followed by something/somebody

    II
    1) (recto, sin desviarse) straight on

    vaya todo seguidogo straight on o straight ahead

    2) (AmL) ( a menudo) often
    * * *
    = in a row, back-to-back.

    Ex: The integrated library systems installed in Canandian libraries are surveyed for the 3rd year in a row.

    Ex: The conference program includes back-to-back papers on techniques for sorting Unicode data.
    * acto seguido = thereupon [thereon].
    * en seguida = forthwith, thereupon [thereon], promptly.
    * seguido de cerca = closely followed, closely monitored.
    * todo seguido = continuously, straight ahead, straight on.

    * * *
    seguido1 -da
    consecutive
    ocurrió en tres visitas seguidas it happened on three consecutive visits
    ha faltado a clase tres días seguidos she hasn't been to school for three days, she's missed school three days running o three days in a row
    lleva dos semanas seguidas con fiebre she's had a fever for two weeks now
    van a dar las dos obras seguidas the two plays will be performed consecutively
    pasaron tres autobuses seguidos three buses went by one after the other o in quick succession
    le hicieron dos operaciones seguidas he had two operations in quick succession o one right after the other
    seguido DE algo/algn followed BY sth/sb
    seguido de Barcelona con 27 puntos followed by Barcelona with 27 points
    A (recto, sin desviarse) straight on
    vaya todo seguido go straight on o straight ahead
    B ( AmL) (a menudo) often
    últimamente voy más seguido I've been going more often lately
    viene seguido a visitarnos he often comes to visit us, he comes to visit us frequently o regularly
    * * *

     

    Del verbo seguir: ( conjugate seguir)

    seguido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    seguido    
    seguir
    seguido 1
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    consecutive, in a row;
    faltó tres días seguidos she was absent three days running o in a row;
    pasaron tres autobuses seguidos three buses went by one after the other;
    seguido DE algo/algn followed by sth/sb
    seguido 2 adverbio
    1 (recto, sin desviarse) straight on;

    2 (AmL) ( a menudo) often
    seguir ( conjugate seguir) verbo transitivo
    1persona/vehículo/presa to follow;
    camina muy rápido, no la puedo seguido she walks very fast, I can't keep up with her

    2camino/ruta to follow, go along;
    siga esta carretera hasta llegar al puente go along o follow this road as far as the bridge;

    la saludé y seguí mi camino I said hello to her and went on (my way);
    la enfermedad sigue su curso normal the illness is running its normal course
    3
    a)instrucciones/consejo/flecha to follow

    b)autor/método/tradición/moda to follow;


    4
    a)trámite/procedimiento to follow;

    tratamiento to undergo
    b) (Educ) ‹ curso to do, take

    5explicaciones/profesor to follow;
    dicta demasiado rápido, no la puedo seguido she dictates too quickly, I can't keep up

    verbo intransitivo
    1

    siga derecho or todo recto keep o go straight on;

    seguido de largo (AmL) to go straight past
    b)


    resolvieron seguido adelante con los planes they decided to go ahead with their plans
    c) (Col, Ven) ( entrar):

    siga por favor come in, please

    2 (en lugar, estado):
    ¿tus padres siguen en Ginebra? are your parents still in Geneva?;

    espero que sigan todos bien I hope you're all keeping well;
    sigue soltera she's still single;
    si las cosas siguen así … if things carry on like this …
    3 [tareas/buen tiempo/lluvia] to continue;
    [ rumores] to persist;

    seguidoé haciéndolo a mi manera I'll go on o carry on doing it my way
    4


    el capítulo que sigue the next chapter
    b) [historia/poema] to continue, go on

    seguido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (sin interrupción) continuous: estuvo hablando durante tres horas seguidas, she was talking non-stop for three whole hours
    2 (uno tras otro) consecutive: he ido al cine cuatro fines de semana seguidos, I have been to the cinema four weekends in a row
    se bebió tres vasos de agua seguidos, she drank three glasses of water one after the other
    II seguido adverbio straight
    todo seguido, straight on, straight ahead
    seguir
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to follow: ésta es la hermana que me sigue, she's the sister who comes after me
    me sigue a todas partes, he follows me wherever I go
    me seguía con la mirada, his eyes followed me
    2 (comprender) to understand, follow: no soy capaz de seguir el argumento, I can't follow the plot
    3 (una ruta, un camino, consejo) to follow
    4 (el ritmo, la moda) to keep: no sigues el ritmo, you aren't keeping time
    5 (el rastro, las huellas) to track
    6 (una actividad) sigue un curso de informática, she's doing a computer course
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (continuar) to keep (on), go on: seguiremos mañana, we'll continue tomorrow
    siguen casados, they are still married
    sigue tirando de la cuerda, keep (on) pulling at the rope ➣ Ver nota en continue y keep 2 (extenderse, llegar hasta) to stretch (out): los sembrados siguen hasta la ribera, the fields stretch down to the river-bank
    ' seguido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acto
    - como
    - hasta
    - poner
    - renglón
    - seguida
    - en
    - estar
    - se
    - ser
    - tal
    English:
    admit
    - afterwards
    - appreciate
    - averse
    - avoid
    - catch
    - consider
    - delay
    - deny
    - detest
    - enjoy
    - escape
    - expect
    - finish
    - give up
    - hope
    - imagine
    - intend
    - invite
    - keep
    - look forward to
    - love
    - manage
    - mean
    - must
    - need
    - object
    - opposed
    - practice
    - practise
    - promise
    - put off
    - recollect
    - refuse
    - risk
    - study
    - want
    - worth
    - running
    - solid
    * * *
    seguido, -a
    adj
    1. [consecutivo] consecutive;
    diez años seguidos ten years in a row;
    llamó a la puerta cinco veces seguidas she knocked at the door five times;
    llegaron los tres seguidos the three of them arrived one after the other
    2. [sin interrupción] continuous;
    llevan reunidos cuatro horas seguidas they've been in the meeting for four hours without a break o for four solid hours;
    ha nevado durante dos semanas seguidas it's been snowing for two weeks solid;
    viajaron durante todo el día seguido they travelled the whole day without a break
    3. [inmediatamente después]
    seguido de followed by;
    sopa, seguida de carne soup, followed by meat
    adv
    1. [sin interrupción] continuously
    2. [en línea recta] straight on;
    todo seguido straight on o ahead;
    por ahí seguido llegarás a la autopista go straight on o ahead and you'll get to the Br motorway o US highway
    3. Am [a menudo] often
    * * *
    I adj
    1 consecutive, successive;
    de seguido in a row, one after another
    2 ( recto)
    :
    ir todo seguido go straight on
    II adv L.Am.
    often, frequently
    * * *
    seguido adv
    1) recto: straight, straight ahead
    2) : often, frequently
    seguido, -da adj
    1) consecutivo: consecutive, successive
    tres días seguidos: three days in a row
    2) : straight, unbroken
    3)
    seguido de : followed by
    * * *
    seguido adj
    1. (consecutivo) running / in a row
    2. (acompañado) followed
    entró el presidente, seguido por el alcalde the president entered, followed by the mayor
    en seguida at once / immediately

    Spanish-English dictionary > seguido

  • 4 משךְ

    משַׁךְ(b. h.; cmp. מָשַׁח II) to draw, pull; to seize; (with מן) to withdraw; in gen. to stretch, produce a continuous line or flow; to conduct. Kil. VIII, 2 לחרוש לִמְשוֹךְ ולהנהיג to plough with, to pull (by the head, go in front of), and to drive. Gen. R. s. 86 שהיו מוֹשְׁכִיןוכ׳, v. infra. Mekh. Bo, s. 11 (ref. to Ex. 12:21) מִשְׁכוּ מי שיש לווכ׳ ‘lead forth (select), refers to him who has a lamb, ‘and buy, refers to one who has none. Ib. מִשְׁכוּ מע״ז withdraw from idolatry, Ib. שמוֹשְׁכִין את ידיהם ממנווכ׳ that you may withdraw your share in the Passover lamb as long as it has not been slaughtered (v. מָנָה); Pes.VIII, 3. Ib. IX, 10 אלו מושכין להן אחדוכ׳ the one company select one lamb, the other M. Kat. I, 3 מוֹשְׁכִים את המיםוכ׳ you may draw (conduct) the water in channels from tree to tree. Pesik. R. s. 26 שמא יִמְשוֹךְ לו חלב והוא אינו מוֹשֵׁךְ perhaps it (the breast) will yield him milk when sucking, but it did not yield. Ex. R. n. 52 התחילה מוֹשֶׁכֶת דינריוכ׳ it (the valley) began to give forth a flow of gold denars before their eyes. Tosef.Sot.XIV, 8; Sot.47b מוֹשְׁכֵי הרוק those who draw out their spittle (assume aristocratic airs). Ḥag.14a מושכין לבווכ׳ they draw the heart of the people as one conducts water, when they lecture; Sabb.87a (play on ויגד, Ex. 19:9, v. נָגַד) דברים שמושכין … כאגדה words which draw (attract) the heart of man like a lecture. Y.Ab. Zar. III. 42c top מָשְׁבוּ צינורות דםוכ׳ the gutters of Laodicea carried a flow of blood; a. v. fr.Esp. (law) to take possession by drawing or seizing an object, v. מְשִׁיכָה. B. Mets.IV, 2 מ׳ הימנו פירותוכ׳ if he took possession of fruits bought of him before paying. Ib. 47a לא הספיק לִמְשוֹךְוכ׳ he had not yet had time to take possession of the ass; a. v. fr.Zeb.6b סכין מוֹשְׁכַתָּן למה שהן the slaughtering knife takes possession of them for what they are to be, i. e. the slaughtering of the sacrifices decides their purpose; Shebu.12b.מ׳ ערלה to stretch the prepuce, to disguise circumcision. Y.Peah I, 16b; a. e.Part. pass. מָשוּךְ; f. מְשוּכָה; pl. מְשוּכִים, מְשוּכִין; מְשוּכוֹת a) straightlined, continuous. Nidd.57b אם מ׳ if the blood-stain has the shape of a line, opp. עגול. Y.Erub.I, 19b top היה מ׳ if the wall is straight-lined. Ib. שלא תהא הקורה מ׳וכ׳ that the beam be not prolonged more than Ib. במשוכין יותרוכ׳ when they are longer than ; a. fr.Mikv. V, 3, v. נָדָל.b) (with מ־) withdrawn. Pes.IX, 10 ידיך מ׳ משלךוכ׳ thy share be withdrawn from thy lamb, and be transferred to ours; a. e.c) v. מָשוּךְ. Nif. נִמְשַׁךְ 1) to be stretched. Y.Yeb.VIII, 8d bot. נִמְשְׁכָה מאליה if the prepuce overgrew the corona of itself, v. מָשוּךְ. 2) to be prolonged, continued. Hor.12a אין מושחין … כדי שתִּמָּשֵׁךְ מלכותן kings are anointed at a spring in order that their government may be prolonged (cmp. Ḥag. l. c.). Ib. נמשכה מלכותן their dynasty was prolonged; a. fr. 3) to be withdrawn. Tosef.Pes.VII, 7 רצו להִמָּשֵׁךְ ולהמנותוכ׳ (ed. Zuck. incorrect) if they desire to withdraw, and that others be entered, Ib. נִמְשָׁכִין והולכיןוכ׳ they may go on withdrawing, a. fr. 4) to be drawn after; to follow. Ex. R. s. 24. Gen. R. s. 86 לפדה שהיו מושכין … ולא היתה נִמְשֶׁכֶת like a cow which they attempt to pull to the slaughter-house, and which will not go; a. fr. 5) to be conducted in a channel. Tosef.Par.IX (VIII), 9 המים הנִמְשָׁכִיןוכ׳ well-water derived into a channel, v. מָרַץ; a. e. Hif. הִמְשִׁיךְ 1) to cause to extend. Keth.10b (the rain) מצדן ימַמְשִׁיךְ gives beauty and enlargement (to the fruits). 2) to draw, pull. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top, a. e. הנהיגה הִמְשִׁיכָהּוכ׳ if he drove the animal, or pulled it, or called it. Ex. R. s. 20, beg. הִמְשַׁכְתִּיו ברסן I pulled him by the bridle; a. e. 3) to conduct water into channels. Tem.12b שאובה שהִמְשִׁיכוּהָ כולה a collection of drawn water all of which has been conducted through a channel. Y.Shebi.II, end, 34b להַמְשִׁיךְ to irrigate by gutters, contrad. to להשקות. Y.M. Kat. I, 80b top ה׳ המעייןוכ׳ he led the water of a well into it. Tosef.Sabb.VII (VIII), 16 מַמְשִׁיכִין ייןוכ׳ you may let wine or oil run in gutters before bride and groom; Ber.50b; a. fr. 4) to prolong a meal, to add a course. Succ.27a, v. פַּרְפֶּרֶת.

    Jewish literature > משךְ

  • 5 משַׁךְ

    משַׁךְ(b. h.; cmp. מָשַׁח II) to draw, pull; to seize; (with מן) to withdraw; in gen. to stretch, produce a continuous line or flow; to conduct. Kil. VIII, 2 לחרוש לִמְשוֹךְ ולהנהיג to plough with, to pull (by the head, go in front of), and to drive. Gen. R. s. 86 שהיו מוֹשְׁכִיןוכ׳, v. infra. Mekh. Bo, s. 11 (ref. to Ex. 12:21) מִשְׁכוּ מי שיש לווכ׳ ‘lead forth (select), refers to him who has a lamb, ‘and buy, refers to one who has none. Ib. מִשְׁכוּ מע״ז withdraw from idolatry, Ib. שמוֹשְׁכִין את ידיהם ממנווכ׳ that you may withdraw your share in the Passover lamb as long as it has not been slaughtered (v. מָנָה); Pes.VIII, 3. Ib. IX, 10 אלו מושכין להן אחדוכ׳ the one company select one lamb, the other M. Kat. I, 3 מוֹשְׁכִים את המיםוכ׳ you may draw (conduct) the water in channels from tree to tree. Pesik. R. s. 26 שמא יִמְשוֹךְ לו חלב והוא אינו מוֹשֵׁךְ perhaps it (the breast) will yield him milk when sucking, but it did not yield. Ex. R. n. 52 התחילה מוֹשֶׁכֶת דינריוכ׳ it (the valley) began to give forth a flow of gold denars before their eyes. Tosef.Sot.XIV, 8; Sot.47b מוֹשְׁכֵי הרוק those who draw out their spittle (assume aristocratic airs). Ḥag.14a מושכין לבווכ׳ they draw the heart of the people as one conducts water, when they lecture; Sabb.87a (play on ויגד, Ex. 19:9, v. נָגַד) דברים שמושכין … כאגדה words which draw (attract) the heart of man like a lecture. Y.Ab. Zar. III. 42c top מָשְׁבוּ צינורות דםוכ׳ the gutters of Laodicea carried a flow of blood; a. v. fr.Esp. (law) to take possession by drawing or seizing an object, v. מְשִׁיכָה. B. Mets.IV, 2 מ׳ הימנו פירותוכ׳ if he took possession of fruits bought of him before paying. Ib. 47a לא הספיק לִמְשוֹךְוכ׳ he had not yet had time to take possession of the ass; a. v. fr.Zeb.6b סכין מוֹשְׁכַתָּן למה שהן the slaughtering knife takes possession of them for what they are to be, i. e. the slaughtering of the sacrifices decides their purpose; Shebu.12b.מ׳ ערלה to stretch the prepuce, to disguise circumcision. Y.Peah I, 16b; a. e.Part. pass. מָשוּךְ; f. מְשוּכָה; pl. מְשוּכִים, מְשוּכִין; מְשוּכוֹת a) straightlined, continuous. Nidd.57b אם מ׳ if the blood-stain has the shape of a line, opp. עגול. Y.Erub.I, 19b top היה מ׳ if the wall is straight-lined. Ib. שלא תהא הקורה מ׳וכ׳ that the beam be not prolonged more than Ib. במשוכין יותרוכ׳ when they are longer than ; a. fr.Mikv. V, 3, v. נָדָל.b) (with מ־) withdrawn. Pes.IX, 10 ידיך מ׳ משלךוכ׳ thy share be withdrawn from thy lamb, and be transferred to ours; a. e.c) v. מָשוּךְ. Nif. נִמְשַׁךְ 1) to be stretched. Y.Yeb.VIII, 8d bot. נִמְשְׁכָה מאליה if the prepuce overgrew the corona of itself, v. מָשוּךְ. 2) to be prolonged, continued. Hor.12a אין מושחין … כדי שתִּמָּשֵׁךְ מלכותן kings are anointed at a spring in order that their government may be prolonged (cmp. Ḥag. l. c.). Ib. נמשכה מלכותן their dynasty was prolonged; a. fr. 3) to be withdrawn. Tosef.Pes.VII, 7 רצו להִמָּשֵׁךְ ולהמנותוכ׳ (ed. Zuck. incorrect) if they desire to withdraw, and that others be entered, Ib. נִמְשָׁכִין והולכיןוכ׳ they may go on withdrawing, a. fr. 4) to be drawn after; to follow. Ex. R. s. 24. Gen. R. s. 86 לפדה שהיו מושכין … ולא היתה נִמְשֶׁכֶת like a cow which they attempt to pull to the slaughter-house, and which will not go; a. fr. 5) to be conducted in a channel. Tosef.Par.IX (VIII), 9 המים הנִמְשָׁכִיןוכ׳ well-water derived into a channel, v. מָרַץ; a. e. Hif. הִמְשִׁיךְ 1) to cause to extend. Keth.10b (the rain) מצדן ימַמְשִׁיךְ gives beauty and enlargement (to the fruits). 2) to draw, pull. Y.Kil.VIII, 31c top, a. e. הנהיגה הִמְשִׁיכָהּוכ׳ if he drove the animal, or pulled it, or called it. Ex. R. s. 20, beg. הִמְשַׁכְתִּיו ברסן I pulled him by the bridle; a. e. 3) to conduct water into channels. Tem.12b שאובה שהִמְשִׁיכוּהָ כולה a collection of drawn water all of which has been conducted through a channel. Y.Shebi.II, end, 34b להַמְשִׁיךְ to irrigate by gutters, contrad. to להשקות. Y.M. Kat. I, 80b top ה׳ המעייןוכ׳ he led the water of a well into it. Tosef.Sabb.VII (VIII), 16 מַמְשִׁיכִין ייןוכ׳ you may let wine or oil run in gutters before bride and groom; Ber.50b; a. fr. 4) to prolong a meal, to add a course. Succ.27a, v. פַּרְפֶּרֶת.

    Jewish literature > משַׁךְ

  • 6 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England
    d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England
    [br]
    English civil and mechanical engineer.
    [br]
    The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.
    From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).
    Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).
    The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.
    Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.
    As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.
    The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).
    The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

См. также в других словарях:

  • stretch — [strech] vt. [ME strecchen < OE streccan, akin to Ger strecken < IE * sterg < base * (s)ter , to be stiff, rigid > STARE] 1. to hold out or reach out; extend [to stretch out a helping hand] 2. to cause (the body or limbs) to reach out …   English World dictionary

  • Stretch — Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain; as, a stretch of the limbs; a stretch of the imagination. [1913 Webster] By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain. Dryden. [1913 Webster] Those… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • stretch — stretch1 W3S3 [stretʃ] v ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(make something bigger/looser)¦ 2¦(body)¦ 3¦(reach)¦ 4¦(make something tight)¦ 5¦(time/series)¦ 6¦(in space)¦ 7 stretch your legs 8 stretch (somebody s) patience/credulity 9¦(rule/limit)¦ …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • stretch — stretch1 [ stretʃ ] verb *** ▸ 1 make longer/wider ▸ 2 make smooth/tight ▸ 3 make body part straight ▸ 4 continue in space/time ▸ 5 be/have enough money ▸ 6 use money/supplies ▸ 7 not be reasonable ▸ 8 make someone use ability ▸ 9 make seem… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • stretch — 1 verb 1 MAKE STH BIGGER/LOOSER a) (I, T) to make something bigger or looser by pulling it, or to become bigger or looser as a result of being pulled: My big, blue sweater has stretched completely out of shape. b) (intransitive not in… …   Longman dictionary of contemporary English

  • stretch — I UK [stretʃ] / US verb Word forms stretch : present tense I/you/we/they stretch he/she/it stretches present participle stretching past tense stretched past participle stretched *** 1) [transitive] to pull something to make it longer or wider I… …   English dictionary

  • stretch — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 area of land or water ADJECTIVE ▪ great, huge, large, long, open, vast, wide ▪ A great stretch of ocean lay beneath them …   Collocations dictionary

  • stretch*/*/ — [stretʃ] verb I 1) [I/T] if you stretch something, or if it stretches, it becomes longer or wider when you pull it Can you stretch the material a little?[/ex] My jumper stretched the first time I washed it.[/ex] 2) [T] to pull something so that… …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

  • stretch — I. verb Etymology: Middle English strecchen, from Old English streccan; akin to Old High German strecchan to stretch, Old English stræc firm, severe Date: before 12th century transitive verb 1. to extend (as one s limbs or body) in a reclining… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • stretch — ► VERB 1) (of something soft or elastic) be made or be able to be made longer or wider without tearing or breaking. 2) pull (something) tightly from one point to another. 3) extend one s body or a part of one s body to its full length. 4) last… …   English terms dictionary

  • stretch — verb 1》 (of something soft or elastic) be made or be able to be made longer or wider without tearing or breaking.     ↘pull (something) tightly from one point to another or across a space. 2》 straighten or extend one s body or a part of one s… …   English new terms dictionary

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